21And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and the sea was no more.
[fn]

Heaven, earth, and sea of the old creation are gone now. Like in Revelation 10, here we see heaven, earth, and sea as a statement of all creation. So here, a new creation is on the way as this text points to all creation being removed.

2 And I, John, saw the holy city [r.0], new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven, made ready as a bride adorned for her husband [r.1].
[r.0]

Re 11:2, Re 21:2, Re 21:10, Re 22:19Both old and new Jerusalem are "holy" cities — πόλεως τῆς ἁγίας (the holy city).

[r.1]

Re 21:2, Re 21:9Now, the bride is a symbol of the city.

3 And I heard a great voice from the throne [r.2] saying, Behold, the tabernacle of God [r.3] is with men, and he will dwell with them, and they shall be his people, and God himself shall be with them, and be their God.
[r.2]

Re 19:5, Re 21:3, Re 22:1, Re 22:3Shared throne of the God and the Lamb.

[r.3]

Re 13:6, Re 21:3

4 And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes [r.4]; and there shall be death no more, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain: for the former things are passed away.
[r.4]

Re 7:17, Re 21:4

5 And he who sat upon the throne said, Behold, I make all things new. And he said unto me, Write [r.5]: for these words are true and faithful.
[fn]

When Revelation 21:1 declares, "a new heaven and a new earth," and 21:5 records Christ saying, "Behold, I make all things new", the language can function both literally and idiomatically. The phrase does not require us to flatten every occurrence of "new heavens and new earth" in Scripture into the same moment of fulfillment. In Isaiah 65:17, the Lord says, "For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth," yet within that same context we read, "for the child shall die an hundred years old" (Isaiah 65:20). If Isaiah 65 were identical in scope to Revelation 21:1–5, a tension would arise, since Revelation explicitly states, "there shall be no more death" (Revelation 21:4). This suggests that in Isaiah the expression may function as covenantal renewal language — a decreation–recreation idiom describing radical restoration — while still ultimately pointing forward to its fullest and final realization. The idiom can point to a literal consummation without every immediate context requiring that consummation to be present in full. Just as "a thief in the night" is an idiom describing unexpected arrival while still referring to a real event, so "new heavens and new earth" may describe profound renewal in Isaiah's prophetic horizon while Revelation 21 reveals the ultimate, deathless fulfillment of that promise. In this way, Scripture maintains theological consistency without forcing two distinct prophetic contexts into one identical timeframe.

6 And he said unto me, It is done [r.6]. I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end [r.7]. I will give unto him that is athirst [r.8] of the fountain of the water of life [r.9] freely.
[r.7]

Re 1:8, Re 1:11, Re 1:17, Re 2:8, Re 21:6, Re 22:13In 21:7, we see that this is God because it says "he shall be my son," which Jesus would not say.

[r.8]

Re 7:16, Re 21:6, Re 22:17

[r.9]
7 He who overcomes [r.10] this shall be his heritage; and I will be his God, and he shall be my son.
8 But the cowardly, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars [r.11], shall have their part in the lake which burns with fire and brimstone [r.12] Isaiah 60:18: which is the second death.
[r.11]

Re 9:21, Re 21:8, Re 22:15

Parenthetical Scenes 7: We know that the Bride of the Lamb represents the people of the Church. Because Revelation is rich in symbolism, the phrase "I will shew thee the bride, the Lamb's wife" reveals that the city itself is a symbol of the Bride. Just as the seven-headed beast is identified as symbolic, so too is this city. Yet the image can be both literal and symbolic at once. Just as Jonah's three days in the great fish were a literal event that also carried prophetic meaning (Matthew 12:40), so too the New Jerusalem may be both a real city and a living picture of the Bride. Revelation 21:2 and 21:9 show this parallel clearly: first, the city is described "as a bride adorned for her husband," then the Bride is revealed, "as a city." The two mirror one another—one and the same. Christ is not betrothed to walls and streets, but to a people who themselves form the very structure of that holy city, living stones joined together for His dwelling. Thus, to speak of the city is to speak of the Bride herself. A city is no city without people.

9 And there came unto me one of the seven messengers who had the seven vials full of the seven last plagues, and talked with me, saying, Come on [r.14], I will show you the bride, the wife of the Lamb [r.15].
[r.14]

Re 17:1, Re 21:9δεῦρο is a Greek summons meaning “come!” or “come now!” It functions as a direct, personal call rather than a simple directional command. It is therefore rendered here as “come on” to reflect its immediacy and force.

[r.15]

Re 21:2, Re 21:9Now, the city is a symbol of the bride.

10 And he carried me away in the spirit to a great and high mountain [r.16], and showed me that great [r.17] the holy city [r.18], Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God,
[r.16]

Re 17:3, Re 21:10

[r.17]

Re 21:10, Re 18:18

[r.18]

Re 11:2, Re 21:2, Re 21:10, Re 22:19Both old and new Jerusalem are "holy" cities — πόλεως τῆς ἁγίας (the holy city).

11 Having the glory of God [r.19]: and her light was like unto a stone most precious, even like a jasper stone, clear as crystal;
[r.19]

Re 21:11, Re 21:24, Re 21:26Glory is God's that is given to her.

12 And had a wall great and high, and had twelve gates, and at the gates twelve messengers, and names written on them, [which are the names of] the twelve tribes of the sons of Israel: Isaiah 54:11-12
13 On the east three gates; on the north three gates; on the south three gates; and on the west three gates.
14 And the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and in them the twelve names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb.
15 And he who talked with me had a measuring rod of gold to measure the city, and the gates thereof, and the wall thereof.

Important Note: While we are keeping this study anchored strictly in Revelation's own testimony, it is important to recognize that when Revelation 21:16 describes the New Jerusalem as having its "length and the breadth and the height… equal," it presents the city as a perfect cube. In the Old Testament, that exact geometry is uniquely associated with the Most Holy Place. In the tabernacle, the inner sanctuary where God met with man (Exodus 25:22; 26:33–34, KJV) formed a perfect cube (10 cubits by 10 cubits by 10 cubits). Likewise, in Solomon's temple, the "oracle" or Most Holy Place was explicitly twenty cubits in length, breadth, and height (1 Kings 6:20, KJV), again forming a cube. That chamber was the localized dwelling of God's glory, where only the high priest could enter once a year (Leviticus 16). When Revelation presents the New Jerusalem as cubic, and then immediately declares, "And I saw no temple therein: for the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are the temple of it" (Revelation 21:22, KJV), the implication is clear: what was once confined to a restricted inner sanctuary has now expanded to encompass the entire city. The whole New Jerusalem is presented as the Holy of Holies. This signals not architectural symbolism alone, but covenant fulfillment — unrestricted, permanent access to the presence of God, for "the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with them" (Revelation 21:3, KJV).

16 And the city lies foursquare, and the length is as large as the breadth: and he measured the city with the reed, twelve thousand furlongs. The length and the breadth and the height of it are equal.
17 And he measured the wall thereof, an hundred and forty and four cubits, to the measure of a man, that is, of the messenger.
18 And the building of the wall of it was of jasper: and the city was pure gold, like unto clear glass.
19 And the foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with all manner of precious stones. The first foundation was jasper; the second, sapphire; the third, a chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald; Isaiah 54:11-12
20 The fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh, chrysolite; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst.
21 And the twelve gates were twelve pearls: every several gate was of one pearl: and the street of the city was pure gold, as it were transparent glass. Isaiah 54:11-12
22 And I saw no temple therein [r.23]: for the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are the temple of it.
[r.23]

Re 7:15, Re 21:22In 7:15, the saints serve in the temple, which places the time in 21:22 when there is no temple, and that of 7:15 as distant realities. And makes them two distinct times. 7:15 before and 21:22 after the 1000 years.

23 And the city had no need of the sun, neither of the moon, to shine in it: for the glory of God did lighten it, and its lamp is the Lamb [r.24] Isaiah 60:19.
[r.24]

Re 1:16, Re 10:1, Re 21:23The Lamb again is like the sun, and in this case he is the light replacing the sun.

24 And the nations of them which are saved shall walk in the light of it Isaiah 60:20: and the kings of the earth do bring their glory [r.27] [r.28] and honor into it.
[tr]

"Which are saved" appears in the KJV/TR tradition. Many critical texts omit the phrase; ESV follows the omission. This only affects whether the nation's salvation status is explicit or inferred from context.

[r.27]

Re 1:6, Re 20:4, Re 21:24

[r.28]

Re 21:11, Re 21:24, Re 21:26

25 And the gates of it shall not be shut at all by day: for there shall be no night there.
26 And they shall bring the glory and honor [r.29] of the nations into it. Isaiah 60:11
[r.29]

Re 21:11, Re 21:24, Re 21:26

27 And there shall in no wise enter into it any that defiles, neither whatsoever works abomination, or makes a lie: but they who are written in the book of life of the Lamb [r.31].